Scientometrics,59(3), 281310. A Cited Reference Search will provide the number of times a particular publication has been cited in the Web of Science database since its publication. https://doi.org/10.1556/scient.67.2006.3.11. For simplicity of the Impact than biochemistry & molecular biology. Scientometrics,5(4), 211218. 2019; Kacem et al. 2: r=0.55, N=240 researchers, P<0.001) and for the ESI field of Engineering (r=0.59, N=225 researchers, P<0.001). Average citation rate for publications in a number research fields PLOS ONE, 11(2), e0148257. The change in trajectory close to the lower indicative outlier threshold, combined with a distinct break in the series around 27%, makes it questionable whether the next part of the series is still part of the normal range for the field, or represents a distinct sub-field with higher self-citing, or is indicative of inappropriate citation behaviour. https://doi.org/10.4033/iee.2014.7.1.e. The following excerpt from a Citation Rates Average citation rates are calculated for each year of the 10-year period, based on accumulated citations from the year of publication to the most current bimonthly update. Detecting h-index manipulation through self-citation analysis. (2006). The bulk of these followed a continuous range towards the high end of which there was a steeper change in trajectory and substantively higher self-citation rates with points lying outside the continuous range. A/B = 2021 impact factor. Merton, R. K. (1942). The median self-reference rate and the median self-citation rate for each ESI field are compared in Fig. 2018; Baccini et al. Small, H. (2004). The journal citation reports (SCI edition) with and without journal self-citations. Science,335(6068), 542543. Social Forces,74(2), 379422. Collnet Journal of Scientometrics and Information Management,2(1), 917. Measurement in the Swedish Research Council's bibliometric system 2009, open citation window, self--citations included. Jonathan Adams. 2006; Glnzel 2008; van Raan 2008; Hyland and Jiang 2018; Mishra et al. The 2020 Journal Impact Factors,published in the 2021 Journal Citation Report, are based on citations in 2020 to articles published in 2018 and 2019. Engqvist, L., & Frommen, J. G. (2010). It has recently been suggested there may be increasing misrepresentation of research performance by individuals who self-cite inordinately to achieve scores and win rewards. A large-scale analysis of impact factor biased journal self-citations. The reasons for this require expert, informed interpretation but the degree to which this category may capture a series of small, isolated fields has been noted previously (Bensman et al. Self-citations as strategic response to the use of metrics for career decisions. 2019; Peroni et al. To explore the variation in self-citation by field, a standard visualisation was created to evaluate the profile of the bulk of the population and the location within that profile of the median and upper and lower quartiles. Koler-Povh et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312714522871. Note, however, that the expected rate of author self-citation for this group is likely to be lower than for researchers in general owing to the high levels of citation (Highly Cited Researchers are at the end of the distribution driven by the laws of cumulative advantage: Price 1976; van Raan 2008). Central range is used here as a descriptive, non-technical term to indicate the more consistent plateau of similar self-citation rates within each field that encompasses somewhat more than the inter-quartile range for these data. Cumulative advantage and the symbolism of intellectual property. 3) HPoP also provides an age-weighted citation rate (AWCR) that measures the average number of citations to an entire body of work, adjusted for the number of years since the academic's first paper was published. The citation rate for all years is the total number of citations Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work. 2019; Biagioli et al. 844851. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,23(5), 250252. Probing the effect of author self-citations on h index: A case study of environmental engineering. A percentile defines a fraction or subset of papers in a research field that received a minimum number of citations. Costas, R., van Leeuwen, T. N., & Bordons, M. (2010). Between 2000 and 2015, the proportion of citations that went to this elite group grew from 14% to 21%. Keep in mind that citation rates are calculated from the citation counts of Unusually, self-citations to highly cited papers are very high and actually exceed the self-referencing rates for all other fields. Todeschini, R. & Baccini, A. 6, 7, 8, 9). The CiteScore journal impact metric measures the average citations received in a four-year time window to selected documents published in the same four years. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. The average citation per article for these publications was 8.1. Previous studies have looked at citation rates for preprints of Covid-19 papers [17] and quality of evidence contained within published Covid-19 articles [18, 19]. 2018); about 13% as a median, using co-author self-citation (Ioannidis et al. 2019). A general theory of bibliometric and other cumulative advantage processes. The Citation Rates table under the Field Baselines menu displays data on the average citation rates of papers within the scientific fields over each of the past 10 years. By comparison, there are points on a higher trajectory and, while these were largely between the low and high statistical indicators, some exceed the high indicative outlier threshold value. 2. 1 with the parameters of a lognormal fit to a negative binomial distribution. Self-citations and scientific evaluation: Leadership, influence, and performance. PLoS ONE, 11(8), article number e0161021. Price, D. J. D. (1971). ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citation_impact&oldid=1151587142, This page was last edited on 24 April 2023, at 23:58. Scientometrics,67(2), 263277. 2010; Gul et al. Ioannidis, J. P. A., Baas, J., Klavans, R., & Boyack, K. W. (2019). Field weighted citation impact (FWCI) is calculated by dividing the total number of citations an article has received the year it was published and 3 complete calendar years after its publication by the average number of citations articles of the same field, publication type, and publication year are expected to receive within the same time period. As noted in the Introduction, typical rate of self-referencing around 10% was discussed by Garfield (1979) and has since been found by others. American Sociological Review,22(6), 635659. https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.45374. Scientometrics,94(2), 777780. The 10-year average for Geosciences papers is 9.54, and for Immunology papers it is 20.38. Tracking self-citations in academic publishing. The report does not reveal how many citations are from any single year between 2008 and the present. Scientometrics,11(12), 8197. Campanario, J. M. (2018). Self-citation and self-reference: Credibility and promotion in academic publication. Calculating Field Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI). We would estimate that as Covid-19 papers continue to flood the literature across all scientific fields, so long as Covid-19 continues to hold the global spotlight, Covid-19 papers will continue to be cited, on average, at much higher levels than non-Covid-19 papers. By analyzing a global sample of 4 million authors and 26 million scientific papers, this study finds that the top 1% most-cited scientists have increased their cumulative citation shares from 14 to 21% between 2000 and 2015 and that the Gini coefficient for citation imbalance has risen from 0.65 to 0.70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-008-2160-2. papers published in one research field in a given year. the journals of the American Society for Microbiology. (2009). Only Covid-19 articles within the Medicine, General, and Internal category were significantly affected by the field itself with a 28% boost in citation rate relative to non-Covid-19 articles (p = 0.029, 95%CI [0.132.43]). The larger the minimum number of citations, the smaller the peer group. Summary data for the key parameters of the distribution of average rates for all fields are shown in Figs. As Covid-19 remains in the spotlight, the existing Covid-19 body of literature continues to be heavily leaned upon by scientists hoping to expand the existing knowledge further. LibGuides: Essential Science Indicators: Learn the Basics The Thomas theorem and the Matthew effect. Non-citation rates vary enormously by field. Journal of Academic Ethics,6(1), 6778. eLIFE, 8, article number e45374. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016070029935. Slider with three articles shown per slide. 2018; Zhao and Strotmann 2018; Ioannidis et al. The graph below depicts the percentile rank of Frontiers journals (blue dots) in their respective JCR category. The combination of a long bibliography of papers published in obscure journals and an abnormally high self-citation count would make the intent so obvious that the technique would be self-defeating (Garfield 1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03417-5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03417-5. Scientometrics,61(3), 395404. Global citation inequality is on the rise | PNAS Men set their own cites high: Gender and self-citation across fields and over time. Copyright: 2022 Brandt et al. Scientometrics,73(3), 321330. 2006; Thijs and Glnzel 2006; Schubert et al. Two common field normalized citation metrics types include the Relative Citation Ratio (RCR) from iCite and Field Weighted Citation Impact from Scopus. [53] Their analysis identifies universal impact metrics, such as the field-normalized h-index. [20] Each measure has advantages and disadvantages,[21] spanning from bias to discipline-dependence and limitations of the citation data source. We anticipate that JIFs will be affected in coming years which could change the landscape for how journal excellence is determined in the future. Nature,497(7451), 557560. Glnzel, W., Thijs, B., & Schlemmer, B. Bartneck, C., & Kokkelmans, S. (2011). Characteristics revealed by an analysis of researcher portfolios at the level of the Essential Science Indicators fields include: A consistent central or normal range of average self-citation for researchers in every discipline-based category. 2010). (2018). B = the total number of citations published during 2020 and 2021. 6, 7, 8, 9) includes all graphs for each field, to illustrate the balance of consistency and variability in self-referencing and self-citing behaviour. Another The Citation Tracker feature also allows for generation of a Citation Overview chart and for removal of self-citations from the overall citation counts. [22] Counting the number of citations per paper is also employed to identify the authors of citation classics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-018-2913-5. The outcomes of analysis of citations to and from highly cited papers broadly concur. Erikson, M. G., & Erlandson, P. (2014). The 2020 Journal Impact Factors are based on citations in 2020 to articles published in 2018 and 2019.